Showing posts with label classroom ideas. Show all posts
Showing posts with label classroom ideas. Show all posts

26 January 2025

Feedback on writing tasks in large classes

This post stems from a conversation I had with my colleague over a pint a few months ago. We were talking about ways of giving feedback on students' writing that are considered sufficient for large classes.

When teachers have a small class of learners to work with, it is relatively easy to give each individual detailed feedback. Some teachers use correction codes, whereas others may provide comments along the lines of 'good points' and 'things to work on'.

In large classes, however, this approach is time-consuming at best and impractical at worst. What I usually do is to read through each student's written work first - it usually takes me a minute or two to read a 250-word essay or article. This gives me a brief idea of a student's strengths and weaknesses. Then I spend another few minutes or so writing my overall comments. In a class of 15 students, it usually takes less than two hours.

To deal with language errors, I select sentences from various students' written work - both good examples and sentences with errors - and compile them in a single Word document. In the next lesson, my students discuss these sentences; they often recognise their own writing! This discussion task is a form of delayed error correction with peer correction in the feedback stage.

10 June 2024

Encouraging students to use complex sentences in speaking

How can teachers encourage students to use complex, more advanced grammatical structures in speaking?

Over the years, I've come across various classroom ideas ranging from giving students a checklist of target language items to tweaking the task requirements so that students have to produce certain advanced grammatical structures.

I've also heard some teachers complaining about the contrived nature of the above ideas. While these may force students to produce the target advanced grammatical structures in the lesson, students are unlikely to be able to use such structures naturally once they leave the classroom. What's the missing link then?

If language production involves formulation of mental ideas prior to realisation of such ideas with language, teachers need to connect grammatical structures to their use(s).

Here are four ways in which students can use complex grammar or sentences in speaking:

  • add information about someone/something using the (non-defining) relative clauses;
  • give examples using the conditional structure;
  • introduce contrast by using subordination or concession (e.g. Although and Despite), rather than co-ordination (e.g. But and However); and
  • give opinion using the 'which'-relative clause in the tail part of an utterance.

 

13 March 2024

Learning by doing - and teaching

I was teaching several week-long English immersion courses at a local high school in outer Milan last month. The students and I met for three hours every morning, and there were more or less than 20 teenagers in each class. Their level was on average early B2 Upper-Intermediate.

In our lessons, the students explored teamwork, collaboration and communication through listening, reading and spoken discussions in English. For the final lesson, the students needed to complete a mini-project.

While spoken presentation is obviously the go-to option for the mini-project, I decided to experiment with something different in my final week. Adding to their spoken presentations, the students needed to design an activity, which involves teamwork, collaboration and communication (in English), for their classmates. Not only did they have to talk about the above three topics, but each group of students also took turns to be the 'teacher' in planning and running their own activity. The rest of the class, of course, had the opportunity to put theory into practice.

It might be a bold move, but the students did very well. One group came up with a problem-solving puzzle that involves moving a wolf, a sheep and cabbage across the river; another group designed a revision task (with material!) modelled on what the class had done on good and bad teamwork. Finally, a tech-savvy group of students designed a Kahoot quiz to revise what they had learnt about teamwork, collaboration and communication.

What better way to learn something than by doing (and teaching) it?

22 October 2023

Using ChatGPT in a Writing lesson

Since the birth of the likes of ChatGPT, I've heard many teaching colleagues say that they worry about their students' cheating behaviour in their Writing homework. My solution to this is simple: whenever I meet a new group of learners, I always ask my students to do Writing in the classroom. This enables me to get to know their true ability to write in English, so that I can detect any anomaly later on. In fact, I did have an 18-year-old teenage learner who handed in an (almost) error-free essay in the middle of the year. He eventually admitted that his girlfriend had written it, and I decided to give him the benefit of the doubt on that single occasion.

What about mentioning the elephant in the room? That was what I did last Tuesday. I was teaching a small class of teenagers at Upper-Intermediate level (B2). The lesson was on writing a discursive, or agree-disagree, essay.

After the usual brainstorming, drafting and writing stages, I showed my students the same essay written by ChatGPT. My prompt to the AI programme was:

Can you please* write a 140- to 190-word essay at CEFR level B2? The essay title is 'Being successful in life depends more on a person's ability than on how hard a person tries. Do you agree?' The essay should include these ideas: studies, sport, and your own idea.

* Since ChatGPT is said to be a language model, I insisted on teaching it proper manners!

What my students and I did with the ChatGPT-generated essay was analyse its content. I guided my students on identifying the shortcomings of ChatGPT:

1. The word limit was not respected. ChatGPT gave us a 230-word essay.

2. Both introductory and concluding paragraphs lack coherence. The introduction begins with a sentence about the background topic of 'success'; however, this is followed by a mechanical sentence that goes along the lines of 'this essay will explore the following ideas: studies, sport, and ...' ChatGPT obviously repeated part of my prompt. The concluding paragraph is way off the mark - ChatGPT made no attempt to address the task statement or give a final opinion.

3. Some supporting examples aren't specific enough. For example, ChatGPT mentioned 'ability' when discussing sport but without exemplifying the specific kind of ability.


21 June 2022

Teaching YLs: ideas for spoken and written practice

A huge thanks to Teachers E and S - I've been able to add a couple of practice activities by teaching their lesson plans! 

As the Summer Camp weeks go along, I should be able to add more to the following lists.

Spoken practice (YLs)

  • capture the flag - with flashcards in two rows (each YL should stand next to a flashcard)
  • Who am I - holding flashcards on one's forehead (without being able to see them)

Written practice, or practice with form (YLs)

  • treasure hunt - given visuals (write the word) 


Other 'less extended' practice activities I've used:

Spoken practice (YLs)

  • back to the board - Italian speakers call this game 'taboo'
  • pictionary
  • musical chairs
  • run and tag
  • whispers
  • pass the flashcards round - and say the word aloud
  • find the missing flashcards 
  • run and tag
  • Simon says
  • chain story

Written practice, or spoken practice with form (YLs)

  • pelmanism - I call it 'memory tiles' (if there are tiles containing the target vocabulary)
  • word bingo
  • board race
  • battleship
  • chain story

17 February 2022

Making the hangman game more student-centred

It came about from a spontaneous idea when I was teaching earlier this afternoon. It was with a group of Pre-Intermediate young teens - we were working on vocabulary on the topic of 'food' (ways of cooking, to be precise).

The students were doing a matching task with visuals. Based on what I've seen, most students usually struggle with 'oven', 'pan' and 'saucepan' (word and pronunciation), which were shown by the visuals on the coursebook page. So I decided to devise a hangman game on the spot. From my past observations, this game tends to be teacher-centred in that each student would be given a turn to say a letter while others would sit around and wait for their turn.

With that in mind, I was thinking of ways of making the hangman game more student-centred. Why couldn't my students have the answers and let their classmates guess the word?

  • I drew an oven, a (frying) pan and a saucepan on the whiteboard.
  • I wrote the answers on pieces of paper.
  • I gave each student a piece of paper with the answer. (like an information-gap activity)
  • I asked my students to copy what was on the whiteboard.
  • I let my students play the hangman game in groups.

The result? Compared to the lockstep, teacher-fronted format, the level of student engagement was much higher. It generated some excitement among my students when they were down to the last chance. Poor hangman - two casualties and two close calls!

17 October 2021

Exploiting reading texts for communication

I started off feeling slightly dissatisfied with some traditional reading tasks in the EFL classroom. (Don't get me wrong, I'm perfectly happy with most coursebook tasks!) But what I've started noticing is that not only do my students' reading speeds vary considerably, but most classroom reading tasks also represent mere exercise for their own sake or they are there on the page to present contextualised language. If used at their face value, most tasks would barely reflect our purposes of reading in real life. So, instead of coming up with an extra task for the fast finishers, I've started exploring other ways of using reading texts:

Scanning for information: jigsaw reading for collaborative exchange of information

I was teaching a demo lesson in July 2021 for my school's professional development course - IH Certificate in Teaching Young Learners and Teenagers (CYLT). On this occasion, there were 4 students who were young teens at Pre-Intermediate level.

The course tutor, Kate, gave me two Wikipedia dossiers of Harry Kane and Giorgio Chiellini. (Let's not mention that England lost to Italy on penalty!) The reading task required my students to scan for specific information about the footballers, such as their age and place of birth. While I was preparing this lesson, I thought it would be a good idea to make this task a bit more communicative. We often look up factual information on the Internet in order to relay it to others, don't we? So, I adapted the given dossiers for a jigsaw task, in which my students had to work in pairs and relay information about Harry or Giorgio to each other.

Role play: another route to achieving detailed comprehension(?)

I'm teaching a class of KEY Preparation (A2) this year. We had a lesson on Reading skills two weeks ago, and the coursebook task was based on a short text about a teenage sports coach recounting his experience. Instead of running it as a traditional 'detailed comprehension' task, I asked my students to read the text and think of three questions to ask the teenage coach. After that, one of them in each pair/group would assume the role of the teenage coach. My students interviewed each other and answered questions from their peers using the information from the text. I was glad to see this role play injected a bit of life into the classroom.

Gist: collaborative matching texts to their headings/titles

I tried this one with a pair of Upper-Intermediate (B2) adult learners last week. For this 'gist' reading task, I divided the text into two equal halves. The students had to summarise the texts to each other and work together to match their texts to the respective headings/titles. This collaborative task mirrors our acts of sharing what we've read with others while our conversation partners often capture the 'gist' of it.

An afterthought: are these adapted Reading skills tasks pointing to Widdecombe's idea of 'authenticising' an 'inauthentic' text? (Thinking ...)

27 June 2021

Experimenting with drama in EFL

The Friday Show has been a usual fixture at the summer camp. For this week, my group of students (9- to 11-year-olds) came up with a short sketch.

Since it was my first time using drama in the 'classroom', I decided to let things develop without a fixed plan.

 

Day 1, Monday

The students worked in two smaller groups. One group came up with the plot while the other group chose a song and transcribed its lyrics.

As most of them were at level A1/A2, they talked in L1 but produced written language in English.

Day 2, Tuesday

Having taken note of what the students came up on Day 1, I prepared a worksheet for the group by typing their original plot on Word.

For the day's main task, I had identified six 'scenes', for which short dialogues would need creating, in the plot. The students were therefore split into six pairs. Each pair had to write short dialogues for their designated scene.

Again, they discussed the finer ideas in L1 but produced written language in English. The weaker students needed support since they didn't have enough language for writing; word spelling was a key problem for them too.

Day 3, Wednesday

The students worked on the other items for the show.

(In the meantime, the script was more or less ready behind the scene - several mistakes in the student-generated dialogues were ironed out. I also added a small number of simple structures at level A1/A2 to it.)

Day 4, Thursday

The students rehearsed the sketch and improved on a few places in the script. Support on pronunciation was given to one or two weaker students.

Day 5, Friday

The students had a final rehearsal on their own.

About half of the group were already able to memorise their parts, which was an excellent sign in terms of learning and using the language. This was, however, not compulsory as they were told they could always rely on the script. Having said that, only one student read directly from her piece of paper due to pronunciation-related challenges.


The final result was satisfactory given we had a few hours to create a sketch. In terms of language learning, it would have been better if error correction had been elicited from the students.

With hindsight, I shouldn't have overlooked stage choreography in the rehearsals. Apology for being the perfectionist here. For maximum performance effects, the students should be encouraged to adopt clear diction and appropriate tones, speak with audible voice levels, and pay attention to their body gestures (i.e. avoid facing the audience with their side or back).

03 June 2021

Teaching grammar: self-checking questions

Concept Checking Questions (CCQs) are undoubtedly a term familiar to any teacher who has completed a TEFL training course. We ask CCQs to make sure our students have fully understood a lesson's target language, so that they won't fossilise erroneous assumptions which may later contribute to all sorts of errors (e.g. interpretative, strategic, stylistic, etc.) in their language production.

I believe, however, CCQs aren't limited to the domain of EFL teachers. Our students can make good use of them too.

I was tapping into my personal experience of learning German noun, adjective and article endings. Like many German learners who use English as the referential anchor, I always joked we had it much simpler than the 'infinite' number of German cases and endings. Nevertheless, it is my German teacher, Beate, who I have to thank for helping me attain mastery of this system. (I'm still making loads of mistakes because of noun gender, but that's another story.) She explained how it works by giving me four self-checking questions.

For those of you interested in the self-checking questions, here they are:

1. What gender is the singular/plural noun?
2. Is there an article in the sentence? (Do we need one?)
3. If there is an article, does it already carry the gender ending?
4. What case is the object noun in the sentence?

Gestern habe ich ein blaues Fahrrad gekauft. [I bought a blue bicycle yesterday.]

1. Fahrrad is a neutral noun. It is singular in this sentence.
2. We need an article because Fahrrad is singular countable.
3. The indefinite article ein is not inflected; it can signal either the masculine or neutral gender.
4. Fahrrad is in the akkusativ, not dativ, case because of the verb gekauft. The indefinite article ein is sufficient (eines is in the genetive case), but we have the adjective blaues, which carries the -es netural gender ending.

After using these self-checking questions for a gazillion times, I have internalised the entire system to the point of reducing my formulation ('thinking') time down to less than a mere second! In other words, it has become an automatised process for me in speaking and writing.

If we transfer the above learning experience to the English language, teachers may be able to go a step further by giving their students self-checking questions where appropriate. In turn, the students can ask such questions outside the classroom, which would enable them to move closer towards internalising the use of a target language. To this end, collaborative 'guided discovery' tasks with checking questions (CCQs) are a great teaching tool.

13 February 2021

Teaching prefixes: mental associations

What's your 30-second story about a word?

It was an improvised idea which worked well with a C1 (Advanced) group of General English adult learners.

We were using a coursebook graded article about a hotel as the langauge input. Halfway through teaching the lesson, the word 'preposterous' suddenly came to my mind. I started pondering how this word had became stuck in my mind. Then I figured out it was the sound of which I've formed strong mental associations - the way how Sir John Gielgud said this word in the screen adaptation of Herman Wouk's War and Remembrance. My brain immediately evokes the image of Sir John, who played the role of Aaron Jastrow, saying this word in a disapproving tone. (The other words are 'mischance' and 'misjudgement' which come from Jastrow's final diary entry.)

Tapping into my personal experience of forming associations with words, I decided to ask my students to choose a word with prefix and tell the class about their mental associations with it. (When did they first come to know the word? What was the occasion?)

It worked well - two students picked the same word by chance! This was an excellent example which illustrates how each of us forms highly personal mental associations even with the same word.

21 November 2020

30-hour week (contact/classroom hours) ... Part 2

Some ideas adpated for online lessons which have worked well in my teaching context:

Get to know you (teacher)

  • face-to-face (credits to Sonya): I would cut up 5 photos about me, set it as a puzzle, and let my student(s) come up with questions to ask me. For an added challenge, I would split my class into teams and give 1 point to those who asked me a question with a 'yes' answer.
     
  • online (individual, pairs or trios): I show my students the same set of photos, but I've pixelated them so that everything looks blurry. My student(s) have to guess what the pixelated photos show. Then I progressively reveal the original photos. Finally, I let my student(s) come up with questions to ask me.

  • online (larger groups): I show my students 5 (unpixelated) photos, put them in various breakout rooms, and let them come up with questions to ask me. In open class, I ask my students to type their questions in the chat box. Then I reformulate my students' questions where necessary and answer them one by one.

  • online (larger groups): I set up a shared Word document on Google or OneDrive. In this document, I provide a short model paragraph introducing myself; there is designated space for each student to write their own introductions. In the lesson, I paste the link to the shared document in the chat box. My students can read each other's introduction and comment on it.

Get to know you (student)

  • face-to-face: I would provide some ideas in bullet points for my students, e.g. name, current city, occupation, hobbies and interests, languages spoken, language learning history, motivation for learning English, etc. Then I would put them in pairs for 1 minute. After that, I would change the arrangement so that every student could talk to each other.

  • online: I show my students the same ideas in bullet points. Then I put them in various breakout rooms. After a minute, I broadcast an announcement signalling the change of group arrangements. When I move my students to other rooms, I always do it in one of the breakout rooms so that my students know I'm moving some of them elsewhere and bringing others in their current room.

Information gap activities

  • face-to-face: I would arrange my class into 'A's and 'B's and then give instructions while chesting the role/task cards. Before I hand out the role/task cards, I would check my students' understanding of instructions.
     
  • online: I set up the breakout rooms first, so that I can arrange my class into 'A's and 'B's according to the breakout room list. Then I give instructions while showing a snapshot of the role/task cards. After that, I paste the link(s) to the role/task cards, which have been uploaded to a shared cloud storage, in the chat box. Before I put my students in various breakout rooms, I make sure everybody is on the same page (i.e. role/task cards fully downloaded) and check understanding of instructions. Finally, I open the breakout rooms.

Writing (50 to 100 words)

  • face-to-face: every student would write on seperate pieces of paper. At the end of the Writing task, I would display my students' work around the classroom in a gallery reading activity.

  • online: I use a Padlet board so that my students can post their written work. Students can read each other's work and give feedback on it. The Padlet board is automatically saved so that I can give further written feedback after the lesson.

 

21 March 2020

IELTS preparation

Apart from the usual 'compare your answers' (pair check), here are some ideas of how you could make IELTS preparation lessons communicative:

Listening

  • Discuss a list of test strategies - valid or not valid?
  • Discuss and justify predictions about some test questions, e.g. gap-fill and multiple choice

Reading

  • Jigsaw reading - piece an article together (different paragraphs or sections of the article)
  • Discuss and justify predictions about some test questions, e.g. multiple choice

Writing

  • Writing Task 1 - work together to identify key features of the given visual(s), or even collaborative writing
  • Writing Task 2 - brainstorm ideas and discuss/select ideas for writing

Speaking

  • Discuss a list of test strategies - what's valid and what's not
  • Discuss and justify predictions about some test questions, e.g. gap-fill and multiple choice